The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease The structure of the kidney The kidney is encircled by the renal case and split into 3 areas, the medulla, the cortex and afterward the renal pelvis. Every kidney is provided with oxygenated blood, by the renal supply route and expels deoxygenated blood by means of the renal vein. When the kidneys complete their filtration instrument, they void their waste item, down the ureter. The nephron is the useful unit of the kidney and over a million of these are found inside every kidney permitting it to complete its capacity. Notice how it ranges over the distinctive kidney segments. (I) The juxtaglomerular device is the primary filtration of blood happens in nephrons and this is the place the glomerulus and Bowmans case communicate. (ii) The mesengial cells are found firmly connected with the filtration part of the juxtaglomerular contraption and their position joins with their job in causing aggravation in glomeruli. (iii) The Podocytes are additionally found close to glomerular vessels and these may combine and impact the filtration of the glomerulus, causing Hodgkins sickness. This malady is a kind of growing because of the redirection of aggregating items, which are not separated thus kept to different pieces of the body. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a sort of kidney malady; where by filtration of the blood is disturbed. It is chiefly connected with the glomeruli in the kidneys, getting aggravated (NHS Choices 2009) and there can be various kinds of the sickness which might be proliferative or non-proliferative. The primary driver of the malady isn't correctly known be that as it may, there are numerous potential clarifications. The most widely recognized clarification for proliferative GN is because of an invulnerable framework reaction, where provocative cells like platelets or macrophages become caught in the glomeruli (Couser 1999). Here they circle and amass, starting an instrument that prompts aggravation of the glomeruli (Couser 1999). This is the instrument for the most widely recognized type of proliferative GN, known as Immunoglobulin An (IgA) nephropathy (DAmico 1987). This is when IgA proteins, which battle diseases, develop inside the glomeruli and accordingly irritation (Geeky Medics 2010). Another resistant framework reaction includes antibodies collaborating with antigens, shaped by the glomerular cellar film, which can likewise trigger aggravation (Watson and Royle 1987). Another conceivable clarification for proliferative GN is contamination related, after intrusion by microbes of the Streptoccoci strain (Ryan and Ray 2004), which focuses on the skin or pharyngeal tissue (Watson and Royle 1987). This outcomes in post-irresistible GN which can likewise be related with different diseases like bacterial endocarditis or HIV (Mayo Clinic 2009). Likewise, it is additionally proposed that vasculitic issue, similar to Wegeners Granulomatosis can result in crescentic GN (Geeky Medics 2010) (Figure 4). Crescentic GM In Wegeners Granulomatosis, veins become aggravated, affecting the filtration pace of the glomerulus and prompts the arrangement of bow molded scars. Non-proliferative GN can be idiopathic, for example, membranous GN, or may basically be hereditarily connected like central segmental GN (Geeky Medics 2010). When taking a gander at GN (for the most part proliferative) we have to likewise consider the mesengial cells (Figure 3, ii). GN can be perceived by an expansion in the quantity of mesengial cells and their intracellular substance (Churg 2006). They quickly duplicate, expanding the thickness of this layer and press against the glomerular vessels (Churg 2006) (Figure 5). Histology of proliferative GN As the mesengial cells duplicate, they increment in number and pack against the glomerular narrow and contribute towards the glomerulus expanding in boundary. Taken from (Churg 2006). Now and again, the mesengial cells may even attack the glomerular vessels and sit in the middle of the filtration part of the nephron, comprised of endothelial cells and the storm cellar film (Figure 6) (Churg 2006). Consequently, the storm cellar layer seems split, disturbing renal filtration and in this way bringing about a specific kind of GN, known as membranoproliferative GN (Hope et al. 1993). A Normal Glomerular Capillary Proliferation of the mesengial cells prompts intrusion between the epithelial cells and the storm cellar film, upsetting glomerular filtration and prompting GN. Taken from www.uncnephropathology.org/jennette/ch1.htm The glomerular vessels are additionally where proteins from the safe framework might be caught between the storm cellar film and the epithelial cells, which amass and structure bumps in the glomerular narrow dividers (Churg 2006), bringing about membranous GN (Hope et al. 1993). Explicitly in crescentic GN, which is contamination related, there is an expansion in epithelial cells which pack the glomerulus and causes scars, depicted as sickle molded (Malvinder 2008) (Figure 4). Anyway there can be milder types of GN, with the most well-known being insignificant change GN, brought about by the combination of podocytes (Hope et al. 1993) (Figure 3, iii). When taking a gander at post-irresistible GN, we find that it is ordinarily the gathering A beta-haemolytic streptococcus microbes which causes contamination (Watson and Royle 1987) and realizes intense post-streptococcal GN (APSGN) (Duvuru 2010). The movement of this bacterium is believed to be related with the aggregation of streptococcal antigens, authoritative to the resistant antibodies, which are then kept on the glomerulus storm cellar layer (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 7). APSGN (Arrows show where the antigen-counter acting agent buildings have been kept.) As the antigen is bound to the antibodies, it keeps the antibodies from delivering a barrier component and prompts alteration of the glomerular storm cellar layer (Field et al. 2010). There are numerous signs and manifestations related with GN, which can change between the various types of GN, however there are basic side effects that are found in different types. As the glomeruli are impeded, filtration is decreased and considers blood to spill into the tubules and along these lines this blood drops into the pee (Watson and Royle 1987). The pee may likewise be portrayed as overcast and this is because of proteinuria. This is when overabundance serum proteins are dropped, in the pee (Nordqvist 2009) because of the weakened filtration instrument (Field et al. 2010) . This abundance serum may likewise be connected with side effects of queasiness and regurgitating, which are additionally connected with GN (Unanue 2011). The pee may likewise be portrayed as, haematuria, where red platelets are lost, activating frailty in GN victims (Watson and Royle 1987). Another regular side effect is expanding, as there is a preoccupation of gathering items, which are not channel, to different pieces of the body (Hicks 2009). Side effects identified with respiratory issues such, an irritated throat or skin rash would be progressively huge in present irresistible GN due on streptococci microscopic organisms contaminating the pharyngeal tissue and the skin (Feldon et al. 2010). Another normal side effect is hypertension, brought about by salt and water protection and in this manner initiation of the renin-angiotensin framework (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 8). The Renin-angiotensin (aldosterone) framework (RAS) As there is an amassing of water and salt, the flowing volume additionally increments and actuates RAS. RAS then vasoconstricts veins, causing an expansion in pulse, which is an indication of GN. Analysis of GN, will in general be by means of Urinalysis, so as to discover the nearness of blood and proteins in the pee (Haggerty 2002). Likewise a blood test can be taken and if there is a collection of waste items, for example, creatinine or urea-nitrogen then this can show GN (Haggerty 2002). The blood can likewise be checked for against streptolysin titre, because of responses by streptococci microorganisms and another sign of GN (Brunner and Suddarth 1990). In any case an a lot less difficult swab of the throat could be utilized to distinguish the streptococcal disease, which is utilized broad (Hicks 2009). A last indicative assessment is via doing a renal biopsy so as to see the aggravated glomeruli and gathering of cells encompassing the glomerular vessels (Brunner and Suddarth 1990).These will in general be the most well-known demonstrative techniques however examinations can be made by methods for different strategies, as in radiology, where a renal ultrasound is utilized (Hope et al. 1993). Medicines on GN victims can run and relies upon the kind of GN that they experience the ill effects of, however the primary point of treatment is to advance kidney work and lessen side effects of GN (Hicks 2009). By basically getting a lot of rest, until the pee turns out to be clear and levels of nitrogenous waste items regularize, can empower the recover of renal capacity and a decrease of different manifestations related with GN (Hope et al. 1993). Another treatment utilized is by directing the eating routine and liquids of the GN victim, for instance, by setting limitations on dietary proteins and making up for liquid loses by drinking a lot of liquids (Hope et al. 1993). It has been anticipated that drugs which hinder the Angiotensin II receptors or ACE inhibitors might be a type of treatment, for lessening the impacts of GN, however this is as yet being researched (McMillan 2010). As there are various types of the illness, various medications might be utilized to treat each fra me, for instance in GN brought about by insusceptible reaction, corticosteroids or immunosuppressant might be utilized, yet this is certifiably not a distinct treatment for GN (McMillan 2010). Treatment of vasculitic issue like Wegeners granulomatosis, can be a type of treatment, which found that plasma trade can be utilized to limit the impacts of resistant antibodies which lead to the improvement of GN (Casian 2011). Momentum epic strategies being inquired about, explore neurotic systems of GN, to potentially deliver a medication to turn around this component. One fascinating examination distinguished that the voltage-gated potassium channel, K

Beh Final Project Free Essays

Meeting profile Interview profile Description of Interviewee Name: Irina Dinova Age: 26 Race: Asian Marital Status: Married with two kids Irina is a 26 years of age Russian female; she is my sister-in-law, who I knew nine years prior after she wedded my sibling. She has two kids, and she works in retail as a short-term stocker. I had talked with Irina on 11/30/2012 at 3:00 PM, by posing her numerous inquiries. We will compose a custom article test on Beh Final Project or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The meeting was as per the following: 1. Do you recollect data precisely by seeing how a conduct is performed or found out about how the conduct is performed? Irina rather to gain from watching the conduct, she said that her conduct abandoned great to terrible, when she began associating with a gathering of Indian young ladies at school. She watched them smoking, drinking, and in any event, undermining their men. Subsequently, Irina began smoking, drinking, and having various sweethearts. Presently, Irina is dependent on smoking, and drinking brought about by vicarious fortification and those were her Indian companions at school, who she doesn't associate with now. Irina in like manner shared another story which she gained from discipline. After she had gotten hitched at a youthful age (18 years of age), she had struggle with the spouse that came about on their partition. She leased her own home alongside her kid, and had a solid kinship with an African American person. Time pass and her relationship with her better half began setting up, however one day she was seen by her significant other in the house with her companion. The spouse consequently misconstrued and misinterpreted Irina, as he even needed to self destruction subsequently. After the episode, the spouse had been conceded into the psychological emergency clinic for endeavoring to self destruction. Following a month, she got back with the spouse, and because of her better half negative conduct and demeanor toward the companionship with a man, she figured out how to evade the chance of a rebuffing result (evasion preparing), by not making a fellowship with a man. In the other hand, Irina didn't care for the manner in which she learned through the above experience as it will be an unforgotten verifiable memory since it had caused tension, shame, and worry, rather she likes to learn through operant molding (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 2. Do you incline toward learning at the library, or at home with uproarious foundation and interruption? Irina said that she lean towards learning in the library rather home with a loud foundations and interruption. She referenced that her consideration is completely dynamic while concentrating in a the library, which is a tranquil spot, however where there is an interruption, her consideration drops to a lower level, as she doesn't recalls the material contemplated. Irina recollects data all the more precisely with no interruption that unfit the data to be put away in the drawn out memory after practiced and put away by the transient memory (University of Phoenix, 2010). One thing she referenced that she forgets some data due to proactive obstruction. Unquestionably, data identified with her way of life, custom, and religion will be associated with life (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 3. Is it true that you will take the Myers Briggs test and report the outcomes? Provided that this is true, do you think the outcomes are precise? Why or why not? Irina had taken the Myers Briggs test, and her outcomes were ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensing. Thinking, Judging), and it expressed that she is truly mindful and mainstay of solidarity (University of Phoenix, 2010). Irina consented to the aftereffects of the test and she said that she had utilized rationale, or compensatory model to settle on a choice on the appropriate response that best portray her character. Moreover, she found the test solid, steady and legitimate, and these are her subsequent time taking it, as she stepped through the exam before in 2010 with similar outcomes. Plus, she is constantly been depicted that path by her loved ones (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). . What are the encounters do you think had contributed most in the development of your character? Irina imagines that individual oblivious to antagonistic and constructive educational encounters, aggregate oblivious from assorted variety, and genuine constructive respect (University of Phoenix, 2010), by the spouse had contributed the most in the development of her characte r. She likewise accept that her own accept of standards, and been a characteristic head had added to the improvement of her character also. Also, Irina character developed through associating with gathering of individuals, unforgiving educational encounters, inclusion on her husband’s culture, and life obligations, similar to her two kids and spouse (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 5. Do you feel that you are self-observing in respects of your mentality? Irina referenced that she has low-self-screens in respect (University of Phoenix, 2010) of her demeanor. She said that she show delicate controls consistent with her own inward states, for example, perspectives, convictions, and miens. She neglects to control her pessimistic disposition, and she needs to react in that specific second or it will be very unsettling influence for some time (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 6. What do you feel was the most grounded effect on your disposition? The most grounded impact on Irina’s’ demeanor will be her folks. Irina reprimands her folks for her negative disposition since she was intellectually and truly mishandled while she was a youngster, yet she will not manhandle her kids. I need to concur with Irina, when she said that discipline is a superior method to ascend your youngsters, not misuse. Another most grounded impact of her uplifting disposition will be her significant other. She referenced that her significant other consideration, stroke, and pardoning had roused her to completely change herself for better, by concentrating more on her family, and scrutinize a training, by acquiring a vocation on expressions (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 7. What job do you think about a person’s race, sex, or ethnicity play when playing out that person’s character and mentalities? Irina accepts that a person’s race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity assume a job in framing someone’s’ character and demeanor. She said that she had never experienced bias and segregation until she had moved to the Unites States. She said that she was biased and segregated (University of Phoenix, 2010). at school, by a gathering of African Americans, and they called her names like â€Å" Russian girl† and express terrible words to her e. g â€Å" we are not in Russia†, â€Å" return to Russia†, or â€Å" communicate in English†. Also, she was generalization by her significant other, as he said to her that her obligations, as a wedded lady is to clean, cook, and bring up the kids, yet she didn't regard that assessment on the grounds that in the U. S. culture a lady can work and be associated with business. In this manner, she accepts that a person’s character and demeanor exclusively rely upon the way of life, standards. Irina’s’ culture varies from her significant other, as they are both from various nations. Irina’s spouse is Algerian and has its own way of life standard, values, and accept, which vary from Irina. For example in Irina’s spouse culture: a lady is restricted to drink liquor, or smoke, while in Irina’s’ culture is section versa. Subsequently, many negative mentalities framed, in both Irina and her significant other, brought about by culture clashes. Another culture strife among Irina and her significant other was circumcising her child kid. In Irina’s culture, they don't circumcise, while in her husband’s culture, they circumcise the kid after he turns four years of age, which will be a major gathering festivity. Irina had would not make her husbands’’ wish work out as expected, which had shaped a negative disposition from the circumstance in both Irina and her significant other. She said that her better half despite everything demanding and he won't let it go in light of the fact that it was something he was looking forward as well, however Irina doesn't trust in circumcising, as she said that she will never permit it (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). 8. Improve at errands when characteristically propelled or extraneously persuaded? Irina said that she is unquestionably inspired outwardly (University of Phoenix, 2010) better as a rule. Be that as it may, she can likewise take a shot at legitimacies errands without been outwardly roused. Alternately, in Irina’s words: â€Å"new things get old quick, I’m continually scanning for new inspirations and considering better approaches to achieve my assignments. † (Personal correspondence, 11/30/2012). She additionally said that she abhors her activity, yet she outwardly persuaded on account of the cash that will be earned. Irina alluded to when she was six years of age, her folks utilized prizes, when she acquires An at school, yet she gets rebuffed when she gets a lower grade. She said that the prizes and discipline had inspired her to consistently look for An evaluation at school, and nothing less (Irina Dinova, individual correspondence, November 30, 2012). Taking everything into account, I need to state that the meeting with Irina has been such a brilliant encounter. It had helped me to contemplate and learn others conduct causes like character and demeanor, by executing data learned all through the course materials. Irina was extremely persistent, agreeable, open, and legitimate during the meeting procedure. In this way, I am persuaded that every one of her answers were exact. References University of Phoenix. (2010). Insight and Mental Abilities. Recovered from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 site University of Phoenix. (2010). Memory. Recovered from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 site University of Phoenix. (2010). Motivati

Using a Representative Sample in Psychology

Using a Representative Sample in Psychology Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print Using a Representative Sample in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 Patrick George / Ikon Images / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers A representative sample is a group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole. In other words, the sample is a fairly accurate reflection of the population from which the sample is drawn. Why does this matter? What impact does a representative sample have on research? Lets take a closer look at some of the key reasons why scientists use this important technique in their research. Why Use a Representative Sample? When collecting data for psychological studies, researchers rarely gather information from every single member of a particular population. There are some instances where it is important to collect data from every member of a population (the U.S. Census is one example).   While it may sound fairly straightforward, obtaining a truly representative sample can be quite challenging and requires a great deal of time and effort.?? One of the first issues that researchers face is trying to get a smaller sample of participants that truly reflects what is going on in the larger population.   The larger the sample is, the more likely it will accurately reflect what exists in the population.  Imagine, for example, that you were trying to create a sample that accurately represented the entire population of the United States. If your sample is too small, you wont be able to represent the variety of people present. In order to obtain a truly representative sample, you might need to gather information from a fairly large pool of individuals.   How Are Representative Samples Obtained? In psychology, a representative sample is a selected segment of a group that closely parallels the population as a whole in terms of the key variables  under examination.  So your sample would vary depending on what your topic of research or population of interest is. For example, if roughly half of the total population of interest is female, a sample should be  made up of approximately 50 percent of women in order to be representative. Random sampling is often used to obtain a representative sample from a larger group.?? This involves randomly selecting who will be in the sample. Every member of the population stands an equal chance of being selected.   Examples Imagine that researchers want to look at differences in eye color in the United States. In order to obtain a representative sample, they need to look at what percentage of U.S. citizens share certain qualities such as ethnic background and gender and ensure that their sample accurately reflects those numbers. Importance in Health Research Imagine if scientists wanted to study the prevalence of a particular disease in the population at large. If they were to rely on a non-representative sample, they might reach conclusions that do not accurately reflect what is really going on in the world.?? This might ultimately end up affecting how much further research is devoted to the study of that illness as well as how much funding might be available for additional research into prevention and treatment.

Advantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Essay

Advantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Cloning has existed for ages as a form of reproduction in nature. Now humans have harnessed the power to clone at will. This evokes an argument between those that support and those that do not support cloning. Among the population, there are fewer supporters than opponents. It might just be a gut reaction of humans to fear and suspect new technology, or it could be a well-founded fear. In the animal world, cloning could be used to save endangered species and increase production of livestock. In time, this relatively new technology may become a powerful and useful tool This study examines the many supporting arguments for cloning, including objectives, among them starting families, organ†¦show more content†¦Cloning would open up opportunities for single women, because they would no longer need to be dependent on men to start a family. Apart from creating a family, cloning would also be helpful for preserving family. If someone were dying and needed an organ transplant, a clone could provide that organ. If someone lost their entire family, once again, they could have children related to them using their deceased loved ones DNA. It can be argued that cloning is unnatural. However, clones already exist in nature. Quite a great number of can reproduce by asexual reproduction that is, in essence, cloning. Additionally, cloning is not even new for humans. Twins are clones; in fact, they are even more identical than a clone would be. In a clone, one person provides the nucleus containing the DNA. The other, the egg donor, provides an egg without a nucleus. The nucleus does not actually provide all of the DNA. The mitochondria of the egg also affect the genetic information of the clone. However, twins originate from the same egg, so even the little information provided by the egg is identical. Since twins are perfectly acceptable, one could argue that cloning ought to be. (McGee, et al., 2000) The genetic similarity of clones is a cause for concern, since people are afraid that a clone will simply be a carbon copy. Genes only affect andShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning: the Negative Effects on Society1587 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Cloning: The Negative Effects on Society Human cloning is possible but also dangerous to society. One day during an assembly in March 1977, a heated debate began over the topic of human cloning. Both sides were getting very involved in the argument. Suddenly a group of protestors stormed the stage. They were protesting human cloning while chanting, We shall not be cloned! During the protest the group held up a sign that said: We will create the perfect race Ââ€" Adolf Hitler (Lester andRead MoreThe term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically900 Words   |  4 PagesThe term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. Cloning is a very controversial theme now in days that’s everybody should be informed about it. The majority of the people doesn’t know anything about the subj ect and do not have the knowledge to make an opinion about it. Cloning animals may be very helpful forRead More The Benefits of Cloning Essay examples1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Advantages of Cloning      Ã‚   People often question whether or not cloning is morally acceptable in our society, and also if it is worth all the money that we spend on research for cloning.   It is hard to believe that not to long ago many people believed that joining a sperm and an egg in a test tube was considered to be morally wrong.   It is now used by millions of doctors around the world.   Cloning is at the beginning stages of being considered morally unacceptable and will soonRead MoreEssay about Problem With Human Cloning1151 Words   |  5 PagesCloning by definition taken from the Oxford Dictionary is a plant or an animal that produced naturally or artificially from the cells of another plant or animal and so the same as it. The first cloned adult mammal is a sheep named Dolly. The aim of research into human cloning has never been to clone people, or to make babies. The original aim of human cloning research is to get stem cell to cure a disease. It is inevitable that one day this knowledge of human cloning would be abused. As time goesRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Sheep1749 Words   |  7 PagesDeGregorio Course: English III Date: 8 May 2015 Human Cloning Cloning of Dolly the Sheep was a first on many fronts. First, it represented the first mammal ever to be cloned from a somatic cell. It also sets a benchmark on which to evaluate other animal cloning experiments going forward. Secondly, her cloning was the start of controversy and panic in regards to animal cloning, as it raised the question of whether scientists would seek to clone humans too, and the ethics behind such a practice, shouldRead More The Future Of Cloning Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future Of Cloning On July 5, 1996, a sheep named Dolly was born, having been cloned from an adult sheep cell. This event brought with it a swirl of controversy regarding the implications of cloning. Just days after the event, Bill Clinton banned all federal funding for human cloning research in order to analyze the legal and ethical ramifications of human cloning. Cloning of both humans and animals has amazing potential in research and medicine, but there are drawbacks. There are many ethicalRead MoreTwo of Us: Cloning Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pageswould be like if you had twin or even if you had a clone? If you had an illness like diabetes, have you ever wondered what it would be like if you did not? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. The first successful clone was in 1997 when scientist Edinburgh cloned Dolly the sheep. She was the first animal to be cloned with an adult somatic cell by using the process of nuclear transfer. She was born on July 5 1996 , lived to the age of six and died after beingRead MoreAnimal Cloning Debate Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Cloning Debate A clone is a genetic copy of another living organism –animal, plant or human. Animal cloning is a widely discussed issue in our society today. The question now is whether the Australian government should ban animal cloning. Many opinions are generated from this subject, such as the justifiability of cloning, and how far it should go. Religious views are prevalent, so too are numerous ethical concerns. The issue of whether or not the government shouldRead MoreWhat Is the Future of Humans If We Utilise All Aspects of Available Biotechnology?1635 Words   |  7 PagesHumans are on a constant quest in the search for perfection and advancement in all areas of life through progressive scientific knowledge. 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Essay on Relationships in Tennessee Williams The Glass...

Relationships in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Throughout the Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams concentrates a lot on family relationships. There are the Wingfields at the start of the play and they experience different interactions with each other: Tom and Amanda (son and mother), Amanda and Laura (mother and sister) and Laura and Tom (sister and brother). At the sixth scene of the play appears Jim and we see him interacting mostly with Laura. I will try†¦show more content†¦In scene 3 the plot thickens, and we understand more what each character wants and what his/hers dreams are, in contrast to their reality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦obsessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gentleman callerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hauntedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This is Toms impression of Amandas obsession over getting Laura a gentleman caller. This obsession makes him miserable and it irritates him. Also, as the narrator, he lets us the audience see the enormous significant Amanda is giving to this gentleman caller: we get the impression that he is more like a savior, something supernatural, when he actually doesnt even exist yet! Tom is really into poetry and literature as he tells us in the beginning of the play, and as we saw in scene 1, Amanda is really against it. She finds out that he is reading D.H. Lawrence books and his shocking reputation causes Amandas rejection of him and she tells Tom off. She tries to force him to stop reading this sort of books, and this just makes Tom even angrier: now his mother is interfering in his personal life. Amanda sees Toms creative labor as a waste of the present, where he sees it as a work for the future. It seems unimportant to you, what Im doing, what I want to do. Tom tells his mother he has dreams, hopes andShow MoreRelatedA Brother and Sister Relationship in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams912 Words   |  4 PagesA Brother and Sister Relationship in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams In the play, The Glass Menagerie, the characters and relationships between them are very unique. Two unique characters that have a very strong relationship are the brother Tom, and his sister, Laura. Tom is a confused, young man who supports his sister. Laura, his sister, has very low-self esteem and does nothing but sulk around the house all day. Their mother Amanda, is absolutely a lunatic. She is obsessiveRead More Comparing Tennessee William’s Life and Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie1551 Words   |  7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is one of the greatest American playwrights. He was constantly shocking audiences with themes such as homosexuality, drug addictions, and rape. He broke free from taboos on such subjects, paving the way for future playwrights. He also was a very good writer. One of the things he is famous for is his dialogue, which is very poetic. Williams wrote about his life. The Glass Menagerie is a very autobiographical playRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. 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Context/ author biography Tennessee Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi, in 1911. His birth name was Thomas Lanier Williams III. He got the nickname Tennessee in college due to his classmates calling him that because of his Southern accent and his father’s home state. Characters: Amanda Wingfield - Laura and Tom’s mother. She is a cheerfulRead More Misguided Love in The Glass Menagerie Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesMisguided Love in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie, written by playwright Tennessee Williams, is the story of a family torn apart by heartbreak from the past and tragedy from the present. Williams parallels this play to his true life experience with his own family, which makes The Glass Menagerie an even more tragic version of what happens to a family when love is lost and abandonment is reality. Providing for a family can be an overwhelming responsibility, for there are many pitfalls

Knowing Pseudoscience Free Essays

Pseudoscience is some form of knowledge, belief or research that claims (or appears) to be scientific, but is not actually following a scientific method.   Peer review and independent research by others may fail to prove the claims.   Superficially, such claims may appear scientific to people. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowing Pseudoscience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the techniques mentioned in the article that are used by the website to sell their products include:- 1. The research findings or market findings provided by the pseudo-scientists appears to be unprofessional and sloppy.   They may often quote newspaper reports, media coverage, people’s gossip, ancient books, and other pseudoscience books. 2. Pseudoscientists provide facts that emotionally appeal to the audience and provide spectacular results to problems experienced by them.   They may even provide facts to support these results. 3. Pseudoscientists often make people indulge in an irrational form of thinking known as ‘magical thinking’ which is an age-old human habit.   Scientific investigations conducted to prove such facts may be unsuccessful. 4.   Pseudoscientists provide evidence that is different from those provided by systematic studies.   Often a lot of importance is given to unverifiable testimony from people and eyewitnesses, stories, real-life experiences, rumors, gossips, anecdotes, etc.   Studies conducted by professionals are ignored, misinterpreted or even proven wrong. 5. The pseudo scientists do not give reference to previous systematic studies and investigations conducted.   The only give false facts directly, which often cannot be proven right.   They may not allow their claims to be put to a more meaningful test, but may instead suggest some unscientific crazy experiments. The website claims that the tapes can make the individual achieve ‘anything and almost everything’ and ‘As you grow, a series of events occur which build your personality†¦.and your whole self†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚   The article says that pseudoscientist often make extraordinary claims that may be not scientifically true.   Repeated scientific experiments conducted independently by others fail to prove such clams. They also try to influence the individual by encouraging him/her into magical thinking (belief that one’s thoughts, words or action will create results that will defy the laws of nature).   Magical thinking is an old human habit, and often unknowingly we tend to indulge in it.   Pseudoscience may begin by providing facts that emotionally apply to the audience, and provide spectacular results to people’s problems.   They may even provide evidence to support their results. The Websites claims appreciation from renowned organizations and references such as the Russian Government, CNN, Boston University, etc.   The Russian Government may not be able to monitor implementation of ‘Subliminal messages’, as Private TV channels are free to broadcast what they want.   The website gives a positive comment by CNN. However, it did not give the exact person or the date on which these observations and comments were made.   The article says that pseudo-scientists often quote newspaper articles, press reports, collect rumors and gossips, and may even quote other books or organizations that are false or even non-existent.   The research done by the pseudo-scientists usually appears to be unprofessional and careless. The website gives testimony’s of several ‘satisfied customers’ (as claimed by the company) such as George Montgomery, Philadelphia; Joe Martin, Tampa, Florida; Carole Dallas, Portland; Paul Smiley, Richmond; Sherry Fusco, Bois; etc.   Often pseudo-scientists do not give importance to systematic studies provided by professionals and instead give undue importance to the views and testimony’s from unverifiable customers.   They may not permit their products to be subjected to true scientific studies. The website also offers a one-year guarantee for their products.   The Website has not quoted any proven studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of their products.   Guarantee may be a method of compensating for this (to attract the customers into buying their products). References: Coker, R. (2001). Distinguishing Science and Pseudoscience. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from Quack Watch Web site: http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pseudo.html Subliminal Self-Improvement.com. (2006). Home. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from Subliminal Self-Improvement Web site: http://www.subliminal-tapes-self-improvement.com/index.html       How to cite Knowing Pseudoscience, Essay examples

Zora Neale Hurston

Introduction Zora Neale Hurston was a proclaimed novelist, folklorist, and anthropologist whose artistic contribution in the Harlem renaissance was outstandingly evident. She was the fifth-born child to John Hurston, a Baptist preacher and a carpenter, and Lucy Potts Hurston, a schoolteacher. Zora Neale Hurston was born in Notasulga, Alabama on January 7, 1891.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Zora Neale Hurston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The family relocated to â€Å"Eatonville, Florida, which was the first all-Black town to be incorporated in the United States, while she was still a toddler† (Ellis, 2009, p.20). They were eight children in the family. As Hurston later glorifies in her literary works, the town was the first to offer African Americans the chance to live freely and independent of the Whites, as they desired. This assertion is depicted in most of her fictional works, as it is t he setting for most of her stories. Her father later on became the mayor of the town. Despite the fact that the actual birth year of Zora Neale Hurston was in 1891, 1901 became the year of her birth throughout her life. There was a significant happening in her life that year, which is argued as the reason behind her decision. In 1901, some schoolteachers from the north visited her hometown, and she was lucky to get some books that sparked her interest in literature (Baym, 2003, p.11). In-Depth Look into the Life of Zora Neale Hurston In an essay she wrote in 1928 titled â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me†, Hurston describes her childhood in Eatonville as easy considering that she grew surrounded by the people who supported her, and the discrimination that was taking place elsewhere was not a reality in her hometown. This, however, changed in 1904 when her mother died and the father remarried soon afterwards to a young lady named Matte Moge (Ellis, 2009, p.22). There were rum ors that Zora Neale’s father Mr. Hurston had an affair with Moge even before the wife died. Zora had a rough time living with the father and step- mother and later she was sent to a boarding school in Jacksonville, Florida. Mr. Hurston stopped paying his daughter’s school fees, and after a while, the school had to send her home. She worked as a barmaid for a while before joining the Gilbert Sullivan travelling troupe where she worked as a maid to the lead artist (Jones, 2009, p. 12).Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her desire to accomplish her education led her to cut ten years off her actual age in order to qualify for the free public schooling. She then joined the high school division of the Morgan College in Baltimore, Maryland. From that time henceforth, she started claiming 1901 to be her year of birth. Hurston graduated from Morgan Academy in the year 191 8. Hurston joined Howard University in 1918 where she co-founded the University students’ newspaper named â€Å"The Hilltop† and later on graduated from the University with an Associate’s degree. While in Howard, Hurston took Spanish, English, Greek, and some courses in public speaking. After successfully applying by writing an essay, Hurston got the chance to join Alaine Locke’s literary club named ‘The Stylus’. Hurston left Howard â€Å"later on in 1924 and the following year she got a scholarship to join the white dominated Barnard College† (Hemenway, 1977, p.45). She studied anthropology, and it is here where she met Franz Boas of Columbia University as she assisted him in conducting ethnographic studies. She graduated in 1927 aged thirty-six with a B.A in anthropology. Hurston lived for extra two years in Columbia after graduating from Barnard (Ellis, 2009, p.20). As an adult, Hurston married a former schoolmate at Howard named He rbert Sheen. Sheen was a jazz musician and later on became a physician. The marriage, however, did not last long as they separated four years later. Hurston remarried again at the age of thirty-nine while she was working at WPA, this time to a colleague at WPA who happened to be twenty-three years younger than she was (Hemmenway 1977, p.13). The marriage did not last a year. In the 1930s, Hurston lived in Westfield, New Jersey, where she was a neighbor to the famous Black poet, Langston Hughes. Hurston wrote numerous short stories, folklore books, plays, novels and essays throughout her life. In 1934, Hurston established a school of dramatic arts that was based on â€Å"pure negro expression† at Bethune- Cookman College now Bethune Cookman University. The English department in the University is consequently committed to preserving her legacy. In her life, Hurston travelled a lot both within the United States and outside (Boyd, 2003, p. 47).Advertising We will write a cus tom research paper sample on Zora Neale Hurston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For inside, during her anthropology research, she travelled to the Caribbean and South American and the works that came, as a result, are ‘Mules and Men’ in 1935 which was a folklore classic and the materials she later used to write the novel Jonah’s Gourd Vine which was published in 1934. Later in her life, Hurston worked in the North Carolina College for Negroes, which is now North Carolina Central University College. In 1948, Hurston was a victim of a character assassination conspiracy. She was falsely accused of molesting a young boy, but she was later cleared when the claims were found as falsehood. The scandal negatively affected her social life afterwards. The last decade of her life was marked by hardships as she worked as a freelance writer for magazines and newspapers, and later at the Am Technical Library at the Patrick Air Force Base. She later on moved to Fort Pierce where she allegedly worked as a part-time teacher and maid (Ellis, 2009, p. 15). Hurston’s last years were marked by both financial and health difficulties. She was consequently admitted at the St. Lucie County Welfare Home where she died of hypertensive heart disease on January 28, 1960 aged sixty-nine years. Contributions were conducted to give her a decent burial, but the money raised was not enough; consequently, she ended up being buried in an â€Å"unmarked grave in the Garden of Heavenly Rest in Fort Pierce† (Kaplan, 2003, p.89). Five years later, Alice Walker, a young African American woman later who acknowledged Hurston as her source of inspiration and a literary scholar, Charlotte Hunt found the grave and marked it in her remembrance (Boyd, 2003, p.12). Zora Neale Hurston’s and the Harlem Renaissance It was during the 1920’s when Hurston began to participate actively in activities that could be regar ded as part of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is considered the most famous period in the African American culture. It is recorded as having been between the years 1916 and 1940 (Jones, 2009, p. 23). It is during this period when the Negro movement and the age of the black stars developed.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this period, â€Å"black artists broke away from the literary and other artistic movements that were shaped by whites in pursuit of a uniquely black culture that sought to bring a sense of pride to the black race† (Kraut, 2003, p. 87). Literary works, music, and fine arts were among the sweeping artistic expressions of the period. By the time Hurston arrived in New York, the Harlem Renaissance had climaxed and she easily integrated into the system. Her charm and talent enabled her to become one of the writers at the center of the Renaissance after only a short while. Before she entered Barnard College, â€Å"she wrote a short story titled ‘spunk’ that was selected for the landmark Anthology ‘The New Negro’ that was a significant publication during the renaissance† (Boyd, 2003, p. 15). As a young writer, Hurston contributed actively to the movement through her writings highlighting the issues of the Negroes. Her stories about Eatonville were acknowledged as significant forces that shaped the ideals that were being pushed by the Harlem Renaissance. In the year 1926, â€Å"together with other young black writers and poets such as Langston Hughes and Wallace Thurman who called themselves Niggerati, they produced a literary magazine called ‘Fire’ which featured almost all popular black artists of the Harlem Renaissance† (Kraut, 2003, p. 78). The Harlem Renaissance was a peculiarly creativity bolstering period for young Black artistes as they sought pride in their work. In addition, during this period, Hurston wrote most of her works that sought to uplift the Black pride and a sense of fight for the rights of the African Americans (Jones, 2009, p. 40). Together with Langston Hughes, Hurston in 1930 worked on â€Å"Mule: A Comedy of Negro Life in Three Acts†. The play, which reveals the problems that shape the lives of African Americans, was not finished up until 1991 when it was posthumously p ublished. In 1937, Hurston got the coveted â€Å"Guggenheim Fellowship, which enabled to conduct ethnographic research in both Haiti and Jamaica†¦her text ‘Tell My Horse’ documents her findings about the rituals of Africans in Jamaica and the Voudon rituals practiced by the Africans in Haiti† (Walker, 1975, p.87). She later interpreted these findings to an artistic viewpoint whereby she came up with plays and short stories and novels such as ‘There Eyes Were Watching God’ (1937) and ‘Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939). These works are considered as crucial works that characterize the Harlem Renaissance (Hemmenway 1977, p.14). Hurston’s literary works were largely influenced by the fact that she was a folklorist. For instance, she used dialects that were characteristic of the speech patterns of the periods that she documented. This, in a way, led her work to slide into some form of obscurity in that the dialects were related to a raci st tradition. This revelation explains why, despite her many years in artistic work, she did not get enough money to sustain herself. Critics such as Richard Wright termed one of her works, ‘Their Eyes Were Watching God’ as not being addressed to the African American audience as she claimed but rather to the Whites (Jones, 2009, p. 64). Hurston later became an opponent to most of her peers in the Harlem renaissance considering her rigid views about civil rights during the time of the Civil Rights Movement. Hurston’s views mainly depicted her Eatonville perspective and, as a result, she faced criticism for not considering the bigger picture (Abcarian Klotz, 2003, p. 67). At that point in time, most of the African American artists had adopted the theme of racism as a major issue of concern to address in their works (Walker, 1975, p.89). Many of her peers who were close to her earlier started analyzing her works as well as her person life, which they considered as marred with controversies. Even Langston Hughes who was at a time among her closest peers started criticizing her (Kraut, 2003, p. 53). Her literary works, which once portrayed the black culture as superior and influenced many people in were regarded as irrelevant for a while. As a result, her literary appeal waned over time. In the year 1950, Hurston wrote a controversial article that attacked the right to vote of blacks in the south (Jones, 2009, p. 54). In this article, Hurston claimed that votes were being bought and that the process was not fair in any way. Later on in 1954, Hurston sunk deep into controversies when she wrote ‘Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Ks’. In this essay, she railed the segregation ruling claiming that black children did not need to go to the same schools as white children in order to receive education (Abcarian Klotz, 2003, p. 25). This angered many of the civil rights activists. The civil rights activists branded Hurston a trai tor due to her deeds, which included also writing for the â€Å"American Legion Magazine†, which was regarded as extremely right winged. She even campaigned for Senator Robert Taft of Ohio during the GOP presidential nominations of 1952 (Visweswaran, 1994, p. 34). Zora Neale Hurston’s posthumous recognition Alice Walker’s efforts to mark the grave of Hurston, and the subsequent publication of the article ‘In Search of Zora Neale Hurston’ in the ‘Ms’ magazine, in 1975, marked the beginning of the overwhelming posthumous recognition that Zora Neale Hurston received years after her death. Walker’s article revived an interest in Hurston’s works among the literary scholars and fans in the period (Kaplan, 2003, p.20). Later on, Robert Hemenway wrote Hurston’s biography titled â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston: A literary Biography†. Other Biographies of Hurston include â€Å"Wrapped in Rainbows† written by Valerie Bo yd, â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit† by Debora G. Plant, and â€Å"Speak So You Can Speak Again† written by her niece, Lucy Anne Hurston. Some of her unfinished and unpublished works were later published posthumously. These include her 1930 work with Langston Hughes; ‘Mule: A Comedy of Negro Life in Three Acts’ which was posthumously published in 1991 as well as ‘Every Tongue Got to Confess’ published in 2001. The later is a book, which records the â€Å"field materials the Hurston gathered when she was conducting her research in the 1920’s which aided in writing her book ‘Mules and Men’† (Jones, 2009, p. 28). Zora Neale Hurston’s house in Fort Pierce later on became a National Historic landmark in her commemoration. It is, however, notable that â€Å"there have been efforts to restore it, and that the house is still privately owned and closed to the public â€Å"(Kaplan, 2003, p.89). The re have been recent efforts to open house to the public. In Eatonville, there is The Zora Neale Hurston National Museum of Fine Arts, which was constructed in her memory. It is in the town where Hurston developed her interest in the arts and, therefore, she is honored as among the great people of the town (Baym, 2003, p.41). Eatonville is a twenty-acre historic district, which is the setting for most of Hurston’s fictional works. In the Museum, there is the Zora Neale Hurston Trail, which correlates about sixteen historic sites with Hurston’s literary works. In a bid to provide accommodation to visiting African American artists during the time of segregation, Dr. Wells, a black physician, constructed The Orlando Well’s Built museum. African Americans who visited Orlando to either do shopping or watch performances at the nearby South Street Casino ended up residing at the facility (Jones, 2009, p. 23). During her numerous tours, Hurston spent some time in the fac ility and met other African American celebrities in the Hotel. The Hotel was declared a national Museum in artifacts and literary works produced by black artists of the time are displayed and documented respectively. As a result, the literary works of Zora Neale Hurston are displayed at the Museum. A number of annual events are organized to honor Hurston in both Eatonville and Fort Pierce. These include events such as Hattitudes, the Zora Fest in Fort Pierce, the Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts, and humanities held in Eatonville. The events celebrate her life, achievements, and legacy annually. Despite the fact that only a few of Hurston’s life artifacts remain in the community, her life lives in the pages of her stories and other literary works from generation to the next. References Abcarian, R., Klotz, M. (2003). Literature: The Human Experience (9th ed.). New York: Bedford/St. Martins. Baym, N. (Ed.). (2003). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (6th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton Co. Boyd, V. (2003). Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Scribner. Ellis, C. (2009) Zora Hurston and the Strange Case of Ruby McCollum. Lutz, FL: Gadfly Publishing. Hemenway, E. (1977). Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana, Ill: University Of Illinois Press. Jones, S. (2009). Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to  Her Life and Work. New York: Facts on File. Kaplan, C. (Ed.). (2003). Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters. New York: Random House. Kraut, A. (2003). Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham. The Theatre Journal, 55(3), 53-89. Visweswaran, K. (1994). Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Walker, A. (1975). In Search of Zora Neale Hurston. Ms. Magazine, 74, 84-89. 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